See -est in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
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"1": "ang",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-ustaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-ustaz",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Germanic *-ustaz, *-istaz.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "ang-decl-noun-o-f",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "-est",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-este",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-este",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-este",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ost",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ust",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "",
"head": "",
"head2": "",
"sort": ""
},
"expansion": "-est",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"g": "f"
},
"expansion": "-est",
"name": "ang-suffix"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "-est",
"num": "sg"
},
"name": "ang-decl-noun-o-f"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "-est",
"2": "-esta,-este",
"3": "-este",
"4": "-esta,-este",
"5": "-este",
"6": "-esta",
"7": "-este",
"8": "-estum",
"num": "sg",
"title": "",
"type": "strong ō-stem"
},
"name": "ang-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Old English",
"lang_code": "ang",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Old English terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
4,
7
]
],
"english": "earnest",
"text": "eornost",
"translation": "earnest",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
3,
6
]
],
"english": "service",
"text": "þēnest",
"translation": "service",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
2,
5
]
],
"english": "haste",
"text": "ofost",
"translation": "haste",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
3,
6
]
],
"english": "battle, combat",
"text": "orrest",
"translation": "battle, combat",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"suffix forming feminine nouns, originally from verbs"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/est/"
}
],
"word": "-est"
}
{
"categories": [
"Old English entries with etymology texts",
"Old English entries with incorrect language header",
"Old English lemmas",
"Old English suffixes",
"Old English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"Old English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Old English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"Old English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"Old English terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European",
"Old English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
"Old English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Pages with 6 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "-est"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "-est"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Scots",
"lang_code": "gmw-msc",
"word": "-ast"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "-est"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Scots",
"lang_code": "gmw-msc",
"word": "-est"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"word": "-est"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "-est"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "-est"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Scots",
"lang_code": "gmw-msc",
"word": "-ast"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "-est"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Scots",
"lang_code": "gmw-msc",
"word": "-est"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"word": "-ist"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "-est"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "-est"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Scots",
"lang_code": "gmw-msc",
"word": "-ast"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "-est"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Scots",
"lang_code": "gmw-msc",
"word": "-est"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"word": "-yst"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "-est"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "-est"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Scots",
"lang_code": "gmw-msc",
"word": "-ast"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "-est"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Scots",
"lang_code": "gmw-msc",
"word": "-est"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"raw_tags": [
"especially Northern"
],
"word": "-ast"
}
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "gmw-pro:*-ist<id:most>",
"id": "most",
"text": "++"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Proto-West Germanic *-ist, from Proto-Germanic *-istaz, from Proto-Indo-European *-istHos, from *-yōs + *-tHós.",
"name": "etymon"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Proto-West Germanic *-ist, from Proto-Germanic *-istaz, from Proto-Indo-European *-istHos, from *-yōs + *-tHós.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "weak",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "ang-adecl",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "-esta",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-este",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-este",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-estan",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-estan",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"feminine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-este",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-estan",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-estan",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-estan",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-estan",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-estan",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"feminine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-estan",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-estan",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-estan",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-estan",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-estan",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-estan",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-estan",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-estan",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"masculine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-estan",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"feminine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-estan",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"neuter",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-estra",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"masculine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-estena",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"masculine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-estra",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-estena",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-estra",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"neuter",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-estena",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"neuter",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-estum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"masculine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-estum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"feminine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-estum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"neuter",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-estum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"masculine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-estum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-estum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"neuter",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "",
"head": "",
"head2": "",
"sort": ""
},
"expansion": "-est",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "-est",
"name": "ang-suffix"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "-est",
"type": "weak"
},
"name": "ang-adecl"
}
],
"lang": "Old English",
"lang_code": "ang",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"alt_of": [
{
"extra": "used to form superlative adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "-ost"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "glēaw (“wise”) + -est → glēawest (“wisest”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "late (“late”) + -est → latest (“latest”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "smæl (“narrow; small”) + -est → smælest (“narrowest; smallest”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"alternative form of -ost (“used to form superlative adjectives and adverbs”)"
],
"links": [
[
"-ost",
"-ost#Old_English"
]
],
"tags": [
"alt-of",
"alternative",
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/est/"
}
],
"word": "-est"
}
{
"categories": [
"Old English entries with incorrect language header",
"Old English lemmas",
"Old English suffixes",
"Old English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"Old English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Old English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"Old English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"Old English terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European",
"Old English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
"Old English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Pages with 6 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "-est"
},
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"tags": [
"archaic"
],
"word": "-st"
},
{
"lang": "Middle Scots",
"lang_code": "gmw-msc",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "-est"
},
{
"lang": "Middle Scots",
"lang_code": "gmw-msc",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed",
"under Chaucerian influence"
],
"tags": [
"literary"
],
"word": "-ist"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"word": "-est"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "-est"
},
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"tags": [
"archaic"
],
"word": "-st"
},
{
"lang": "Middle Scots",
"lang_code": "gmw-msc",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "-est"
},
{
"lang": "Middle Scots",
"lang_code": "gmw-msc",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed",
"under Chaucerian influence"
],
"tags": [
"literary"
],
"word": "-ist"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"word": "-ist"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "-est"
},
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"tags": [
"archaic"
],
"word": "-st"
},
{
"lang": "Middle Scots",
"lang_code": "gmw-msc",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "-est"
},
{
"lang": "Middle Scots",
"lang_code": "gmw-msc",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed",
"under Chaucerian influence"
],
"tags": [
"literary"
],
"word": "-ist"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"word": "-yst"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "-est"
},
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"tags": [
"archaic"
],
"word": "-st"
},
{
"lang": "Middle Scots",
"lang_code": "gmw-msc",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "-est"
},
{
"lang": "Middle Scots",
"lang_code": "gmw-msc",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed",
"under Chaucerian influence"
],
"tags": [
"literary"
],
"word": "-ist"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"raw_tags": [
"especially Late Middle English"
],
"word": "-st"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "-est"
},
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"tags": [
"archaic"
],
"word": "-st"
},
{
"lang": "Middle Scots",
"lang_code": "gmw-msc",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "-est"
},
{
"lang": "Middle Scots",
"lang_code": "gmw-msc",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed",
"under Chaucerian influence"
],
"tags": [
"literary"
],
"word": "-ist"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"word": "-ost"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "-est"
},
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"tags": [
"archaic"
],
"word": "-st"
},
{
"lang": "Middle Scots",
"lang_code": "gmw-msc",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "-est"
},
{
"lang": "Middle Scots",
"lang_code": "gmw-msc",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed",
"under Chaucerian influence"
],
"tags": [
"literary"
],
"word": "-ist"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"raw_tags": [
"West Midland"
],
"tags": [
"Southwestern"
],
"word": "-ust"
}
],
"etymology_number": 3,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "second-person singular"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymid"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "",
"2": "i",
"3": "I"
},
"expansion": "I",
"name": "yesno"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Inherited"
},
"expansion": "Inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*-ēs",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *-ēs",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*-ēs"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Proto-West Germanic *-ēs",
"name": "inh+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang-ang",
"2": "-es"
},
"expansion": "Anglian Old English -es",
"name": "m+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-ēz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-ēz",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "",
"4": "*-eh₁si"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *-eh₁si",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Proto-West Germanic *-ēs with paragogic -t added from when þū follows (compare Anglian Old English -es), from Proto-Germanic *-ēz (with -s by analogy with present forms), from Proto-Indo-European *-eh₁si (in *dʰédʰeh₁si, form of *dʰédʰeh₁ti).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "-es",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Anglian"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "",
"head": "",
"head2": "",
"sort": ""
},
"expansion": "-est",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "-est",
"name": "ang-suffix"
}
],
"lang": "Old English",
"lang_code": "ang",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "fremman (“to perform”) + -est → fremest (“you perform”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Forms the second-person singular of class I weak verbs"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/est/"
}
],
"word": "-est"
}
Download raw JSONL data for -est meaning in Old English (14.7kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Old English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2026-05-03 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2026-04-01 using wiktextract (4d423fd and 9452535). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.